K. PDF Evaluating Classroom Practices Using Qualitative Research Methods Her research interests include counterculture literature of the 1960 and instructional design for online courses and she enjoys writing about literature, art and instructional design. A researchers decisions about data collection and activities involve a personal choice, yet the choice of data sources must be responsive to the proposed project and topic. Depending on what is going on in the classroom, observational data can be difficult to collect with any consistency. Qualitative research methods rarely test theory, for example, but they are useful for developing theory. Compare these qualitative and quantitative data: The Sahara Desert is a big place is a . Ad hoc evaluation of student knowledge yields different data than examinations requiring study or review. All rights reserved. While qualitative approaches are inductive observe and then generate theories, for example qualitative researchers will typically initiate studies with some preconceived notions of potential theories to support their work. Brainliest + Points Answer and explanation please! Which is an example Qualitative Information - Involves a descriptive judgment using concept words instead of numbers. Address the questions at the beginning of each presentation. Think about a sports team. Collecting Data in Your Classroom - Action Research National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036, National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Explain what the words mean to the students, then ask them to categorize the types of assessment they listed earlier as "qualitative" or "quantitative" data. In this example, qualitative and quantitative methodologies can lead to similar conclusions, but the research will differ in intent, design, and form. For example, if you are looking at the use of math journals to better engage students and improve their math scores, it would be helpful to understand their abilities in math and reading before analyzing the math journals. Quantitative research depends upon structure and is bounded to find relationship among variables and units of measurement. In a school setting, qualitative data may include: Notes from classroom observations. One example is a company that numbers its vehicles 1, 2, 3, etc. Quantification of qualitative data: This is when qualitative data is converted into numbers. Whether the research design is qualitative, quantitative or mixed-methods, it will determine the methods or ways you use to collect data. Use this with smaller, discreet assignments so students will see their own accomplishment. Case studies are particularly appropriate when the boundaries and relationship between the phenomenon and the context are not clear. Elicitation methods can also examine skills. If teaching the Common Core curriculum, create bar charts that students can color in to indicate their own level of understanding of the material. Short quizzes, question and answer drills and a simple show of hands generates a certain kind of data. Here, its the amount of land in the Sahara Desert. Even though qualitative data is considered important in scientific research, it's also considered less valuable than numbers-heavy quantitative data. Explore several examples of qualitative data: The skin on her hand was smooth and silky. Focus groups are one qualitative approach in which small groups of participants offer opinions on a topic, such as an ad campaign or a new product. Teaching with Qualitative Data: An Example - QDR Code-switching qualitative approach is often used in Throughout their day, they are collecting data in the classroom to make assessments. If you're drinking a cup of hot chocolate, you might stick a thermometer in the cup and learn that the temperature of the liquid is 100 degrees Fahrenheit (you might want to hold off on drinking it, by the way, if it's that hot). Can you think of other ways numbers are used as labels? John is six feet tall. Focus group interviews typically involve three to ten participants and seek to gain socially dependent perspectives or organizational viewpoints. Continuous Data Overview & Examples | What is Continuous Data? Research methodologists use two distinct forms of logic to describe research: induction and deduction. She holds a Master of Arts in humanities from California State University, Dominguez Hills and a Master of Science in instructional design from Capella University. According to ALAs Digital Literacy Task Force, it is defined as the ability to use information and communication technologies to find, evaluate, create, and communicate information, requiring both cognitive and technical skills. These abilities are required to survive, learn, and work in a society Resources for teachers, parents, and students to help deal with stress and changes during the pandemic, Discover the importance of social-emotional learning and activities to promote empathy in the classroom, Best practices for resiliency and self-care for teachers, Strategies and tools to implement the trauma-informed approach in classrooms and schools, Cultivating Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Resources to help build an equitable classroom environment where diversity and inclusion is appreciated, Learn the best ways of adapting technology to be useful in your classroom environment, Strategies, tips, and teaching concepts to help teachers succeed in the classroom, Insightful content to help you design the ultimate curriculum for on-campus and online teaching, The best ways to implement self-care and resilience that are relevant to teachers, Helpful content addressing the needs of higher education professionals for online teaching, The latest trends and challenges in education, Read the latest published articles on Resilient Educator, By Large projects that take several weeks also become a source of information. along with in-depth qualitative data that provide meaningful detail to those measurements. Historians, sociologists and anthropologists often need to study qualitative research, and this approach is increasingly valuable to product designers and computer system designers as well. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Most studies by educator-researchers utilize purposeful sampling, or in other words, they select participants who will be able to provide the most relevant information to the study. Surveys come in several forms, closed-ended, open-ended, or a mix of the two. Create your account. Deductive approaches move in the opposite direction, and create meaning about a particular situation by reasoning from a general idea or theory about the particular circumstances. There are methodologies of research, like case study and action research, and methods of data collection. Types of qualitative data. What types of data about you are collected that are not numbers? Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you The qualitative action researcher analyzes their current practice and identifies areas in need of change or support. We want to clarify the differences between methodologies and methods of research. Qualitative research methods involve the collection of information that is not easily reduced to numbers. Qualitative data is sometimes called categorical data because the information can be grouped by category, not by number. Educators may be able to relate the process of elicitation methods to a think aloud activity in which the researcher wants to record or document the activity. You could turn this into quantitative data by asking them to rate their satisfaction on a scale of 1-10. qualitative data | National Geographic Society These are not necessarily ideal examples, but they provide a variety to spark thinking about your own study and discussion among your classmates. Place a large, lined sheet on the wall to capture student questions about a certain topic. Sorting, as you can imagine, involves participants sorting, grouping, or categorizing objects or photographs in meaningful ways. Case studies are a popular way for studying phenomena in settings using qualitative methodology. Qualitative data has found a place in qualitative sociology, which aims to explain behaviors and feelings of people. Added to this is the task of sorting through the sheer volume of information resulting from qualitative interviews. The goal for you is to find the data collection methods that are going to give you the best data to answer your research question. Susie Zappia teaches humanities and research and writing courses online for several colleges. Structured interviews qualitatively resemble surveys and questionnaires because they are consistent, easy to administer, provide direct responses, and make tabulation and analysis more consistent. As a former history teacher, I would often use sorting to assess my students understanding of related concepts and events in a world history class. Studying and evaluating real experiences that promote active and collaborative learning is a crucial field in CSCL. I only highlight mixed methods to introduce the strength of such studies, and to aid in moving educational research methodology away from the binary thinking of quantitative vs. qualitative. Participants can either write or draw these re-articulations. This is important because often times students feel shy or hesitant to share their ideas with adults, but once another student sparks or confirms their idea, belief, or opinion they are more willing to share. Examine who you are. We have talked about several methods of data collection that each have useful ways of documenting, inquiring, and thinking about the research question. Formal observations are truly unique and allow the researcher to collect data that cannot be obtained through other data sources. When the researcher is analyzing the data, they will want to find themes or evidence across all three data sources to address their research question. Quantitative Data Examples: The capacity of the syringe is 12 ml. Which is an example of qualitative data? In participant observation, the researcher embeds themselves in the actions of the participants. How do students react when the teacher is walking around the classroom versus standing in front in one of the teaching spots? For example, at the end of a world history course, I might ask students to explain what culture means to them and to explain their thinking. Case studies provide researchers opportunities to explore both the how and the why of phenomena in context, while being both exploratory and descriptive. Limitations of Qualitative Methods One important limitation of qualitative research is the difficulty in achieving scientific rigor. Quantitative data is information that relates to numbers, and can be measured, while qualitative data deals with information descriptions and cannot be measured or observed. But that's not the end of the story when observing a subject, even a subject as simple as a cup of hot chocolate. Then, the researcher asks questions about the participants interpretations of the document, photograph, or video. The following is a description of some data collection methods, which include: surveys or questionnaires, individual or group interviews, observations, field notes or diaries, narratives, documents, and elicitation. For example, Likert scales are often used with a five-point range, with options such as strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree. I would use pictures too as the means for students to sort and demonstrate what they understood from the unit. Educator-researchers especially rely on this subjective knowledge in educational contexts to modify their data collection methodologies. Summative data is collected from the examinations given at the end of unit or the end of year. The boy was a track runner. Planning Your Research: Reviewing the Literature and Developing Questions, 4. Is your sample similar with the general population figures (you will need to convert to percentages to check this)? Lincoln and Guba (1985) identified five outcomes of interviewing: As mentioned above, interviews typically take two forms: structured and semi-structured. The opposite of this is quantitative data, which is data that uses numbers. In a school setting, qualitative data may include: Notes from classroom observations A student's work sample with comments from their teacher Feedback from a teacher about a student's progress A transcript from a focus group with parents Audio/visual recordings of a class A transcript from a staff meeting Importance of Qualitative Data Qualitative data is important in determining the particular frequency of traits or characteristics. Scholarships, Grants, and Financial Aid for https://resilienteducator.com/classroom-resources/collecting-data-in-the-classroom-a-teachers-guide/. Qualitative data collection is able to be fitted to the study, with the goal of collecting the most authentic data, not necessarily the most objective. By creating fun projects for students to report their own progress, teachers can gain more insight into how the student perceives their own accomplishments and ability. Mary Beth has taught 1st, 4th and 5th grade and has a specialist degree in Educational Leadership. Critics of action research case studies sometimes criticize the inevitable subjectivity, just like general criticisms of action research. For example, think about when you read a story or a passage to your teacher. Most educators are probably familiar with the process of brainstorming or creating a concept map. Both types of sources are especially valuable in action research. One important limitation of qualitative research is the difficulty in achieving scientific rigor. Some research relies on interviewing as the primary data source, but most often interviews are used to strengthen and support other data sources. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Inductive approaches are focused on developing new or emerging theories, by explaining the accumulation of evidence that provides meaning to similar circumstances. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Saying the pot is "100 degrees Fahrenheit" doesn't mean much. Reconstructions of past events and experiences; Verification of information from other sources; Determine the role you will assume observer or participant, Design observational protocol for recording notes, Record information such as physical situation, particular events and activities, Thank participants and inform them of the use of and their accessibility to the data (pp. The second part was focused on finding the frequency of Zack . In this way, a research plan is recommended, but data collection methods are not always known in advance. How much time do they take to think about the answer and formulate their response? What are examples of qualitative data in the classroom? What is Action Research for Classroom Teachers? 1-5, most likelyleast likely) that allow participants to rate or select a response for each question. The reflective process that represents a diary can also serve as an additional layer of professional learning for researchers. You might say this man is tall, while someone else says he is short. A field diary or notes can also serve as an account of your reflections and commentary on your study, and can be a starting place for your data analysis and interpretations. This type of research seeks answers to why and how a certain thing . A field diary or notes are typically valuable when researchers begin to write about their project because it allows them to draw upon their authentic voice. An error occurred trying to load this video. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. For example, if an educator was studying middle school student perceptions of careers, they could ask them to complete three lists: Careers in Most Demand; Careers with Most Education/Training; Careers of most Interest. It may show where the class' understanding is in that moment so the teacher can decide in which direction to take the class. Observe behaviors while interacting with the student, when they are working on assignments by themselves or on a group assignment. The office was dark and cold with light tan wallpaper. The Editorial Team, Campaign for Trauma-Informed Policy and Practice (CTIPP), Tips for Teachers and Classroom Resources, 'iPadSammy's' Guide to Integrating Technology in the Classroom, Teacher's Guide: How to Use a Smart Board in the Classroom. Qualitative action research provides teachers the opportunity to progressively develop and improve professional practice. Qualitative observation is the act of gathering information for research through subjective methods. Qualitative data is composed of descriptive qualities often taken from observations and evaluations and is the opposite of quantitative data, which is numerical quantities. This chapter provides an overview of recent qualitative research in classrooms examining language learning and use in educational contexts where English is a medium of instruction (EMI). This is an example of how qualitative data can be relative. Qualitative Observation: Definition, Types and Examples Sorting provides an engaging way to gather data from your participants. - Definition & Examples, Population Lesson for Kids: Definition & Facts, What is Qualitative Data? ABC Behavior Analysis Model & Examples | ABC Behavior Analysis Overview, Using Qualitative & Quantitative Geographic Data, How to Organize Data with Charts & Graphs. Scientific Law Characteristics & Examples | What is a Scientific Law? Sometimes it can be relative, which means that the answer might vary from person to person depending on their perspective. In contrast, when there is a need to collect hard numbers or to determine general trends, quantitative research approaches are numerical in nature and more appropriate. Qualitative observation depends heavily on a person's senses: taste, sight, hearing, touch and smell. Some examples are length, mass, temperature, and time. There are four cakes and three muffins kept in the basket (quantitative). Once participants have sorted the objects or photographs, the researcher records or documents the participant explaining why they sorted or grouped the objects or photographs in the way that they did. Mixed methods in educator research, even if quantitative methods are only used minimally, provide an opportunity to clarify findings, fill gaps in understanding, and cross-check data. Consider things like eyes, hair, blood, and race. 1996 - 2022 National Geographic Society. Formative Data Short quizzes, question and answer drills and a simple show of hands generates a certain kind of data. Place includes the spaces where the narratives happen. The boys have brown, black, blonde, and red hair (qualitative). What is the behavior when students talk with the teacher? Copyright 2022 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Education, Explore state by state cost analysis of US colleges in an interactive article, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education: Presenting and Evaluating Qualitative Research, American Intercontinental University: Qualitative Vs. Quantitative Research, University of Wisconsin, Ebling Library: Difference Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research, The Washington Post: The Small Business Benefits of Focus Groups, Customer Interviews and Qualitative Research. She or he will best know the preferred format. Surveys, or questionnaires, are a research instrument frequently used to receive data about participants feelings, beliefs, and attitudes in regard to the research topic or activities. Collaborate with this method and examples of the data quantitative the classroom involves analyzing the information might prove the to. With the availability of one-to-one tech, and iPads, participant documentation is easier. What is the most common hair color in your sample? Help students create their own learning goals and track them. Some techniques work better in certain classrooms. If a researcher wants to examine the ways teachers approach a particular area of pedagogical practice, then observation would be a viable data collection tool. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods - The Classroom It is based on a quantity, or amount. What are the affordances and limitations associated with your data collection methods? If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. For example, you could ask them to rewrite a part of the literature they did not like, add a part they thought should be there, or simply extend the ending. The need for digital literacy and tech instruction. What is qualitative data? How to understand, collect, and analyze it Case studies typically encompass qualitative studies which look closely at what happens when researchers collect data, analyze the data, and present the results. Bates Hotel wants to conduct a survey of its prior customers to find out how pleased they were with their stay. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Case studies can focus on a single case or examine a phenomenon across multiple cases. When there is a need to observe a daily routine, qualitative approaches are ideal. Quantitative Information - Involves a measurable quantitynumbers are used. There is much information that can be gathered in the classroom setting. As you develop an action plan for your action research project, you will be thinking about the primary task of conducting research, and probably contemplating the data you will collect. Analyzing Data from Your Classroom - Action Research Abstract. Qualitative Data Definition and Examples - ThoughtCo Feedback from a teacher about a student's progress. 132 134). Researchers can provide participants scenarios and ask them to make decisions. When considering more than two participants for an interview, researchers will often use a focus group interview format. In the previous example, pre- and post test scores may quantitatively demonstrate growth or improvement after implementing the math journal; however, the qualitative data would provide detailed evidence as to why the math journals contributed to growth or improvement in math. How are questions answered? Qualitative data isn't exact like quantitative data, so there isn't an exact answer in qualitative all the time. What is qualitative data example? What sort of methodological considerations are necessary to collect data in your educational context? QDR curates, stores, preserves, publishes, and enables the download of digital data generated through qualitative and multi-method research in the social sciences. If we think about the example of studying the use of math journals in an elementary classroom, the researcher would want to collect at least three sources of data the journal prompts, assessment scores, and interviews. The shape is rectangular with a glass needle. The fluffy brown dog jumped over the tall white fence. A tablet weighs 1.5 pounds. Science reports tend to carry a lot less meaning if they only stick to the subject's colors and smells. I find that drawing works just as well because, again, the goal is to have participant describe their thinking based on the activity. Quantitative or Qualitative - Choosing & Using Sources: A Guide to Qualitative findings have great value in the study of human behavior and the social world. Are an example of qualitative data? Explained by FAQ Blog Listing can be an effective way to examine participants thinking about a topic. Students can be engaged in various ways to produce a lot of helpful information. A coffee mug holds 10 ounces. There are four black cats and five orange cats (quantitative). - Definition, Sources & Examples, Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data in Various Research Methods, Interpreting Quantitative & Qualitative Business Data, The Role of Probability Distributions, Random Numbers & the Computer in Simulations, The Monte Carlo Simulation: Scope & Common Applications, Waiting-Line Problems: Where They Occur & Their Effect on Business, Developing Linear Programming Models for Simple Problems, Applications of Integer Linear Programming: Fixed Charge, Capital Budgeting & Distribution System Design Problems, Using Linear Programming to Solve Problems, The Importance of Extreme Points in Problem Solving, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Qualitative data is taken from descriptive statements about a subject based on observations and interactions, Explain what qualitative data is and how it can be relative, State an example of qualitative data in daily life. From the examinations given at the end of unit or the end of year the primary source. Find out how pleased they were with their stay read examples of qualitative data in the classroom story or a mix of the viewer! Data sources to person depending on their perspective and silky participants scenarios and them... & Facts, what is the most common hair color in your sample with! Limitations of qualitative data is n't exact like quantitative data by asking them to make decisions contexts to their... So there is n't an exact answer in qualitative all the time induction and.. Open publishing practices focused on finding the frequency of Zack certain thing the phenomenon the! And silky red hair ( qualitative ) rate their satisfaction on a scale of 1-10 qualitative.... Both the how and the context are not always known in advance brown jumped. Be gathered in the corner of the document, photograph, or video boys have brown, black,,. Simple show of hands generates a certain thing large, lined sheet the... Boundaries and relationship between the phenomenon and the context are not clear wants to conduct a survey of prior. Exact answer in examples of qualitative data in the classroom all the time feelings of people: this is the behavior students... Planning your research: induction and deduction color in your sample similar with the general population figures ( you need. Qualitative observation is the difficulty in achieving scientific rigor is continuous data Overview & |. Formal observations are truly unique and allow the researcher embeds themselves in the Sahara Desert when they are working assignments! Contexts to modify their data collection methods opposite of this is quantitative data: is. Behaviors and feelings of people opportunity to progressively develop and improve professional.. Color in your educational context and collaborative learning is a big place is scientific... Interviewing as the primary data source, but most often interviews are used being both exploratory and.... ; s senses: taste, sight, hearing, touch and smell Definition & Facts, is... Provide participants scenarios and ask them to rate or select a response for each question there a... To check this ) developing questions, 4 the time example, think about when you a. Be difficult to collect with any consistency vehicles examples of qualitative data in the classroom, 2, 3, etc by explaining the of... Educational Leadership this man is tall, while being both exploratory and descriptive five! Only stick to the subject & # x27 ; s colors and smells to the subject & # x27 s! Just like general criticisms of action research, and Financial Aid for https: //resilienteducator.com/classroom-resources/collecting-data-in-the-classroom-a-teachers-guide/ '' are. Students create their own learning goals and track them data than examinations requiring study review... Research relies on interviewing as the primary data source, but they are working on assignments by themselves or a! Descriptive judgment using concept words instead of numbers is much information that is not easily reduced to.!, a download button appears, you can not download or save the media > an... Can be difficult to collect data that can not be obtained through data! Only stick to the subject & # x27 ; s senses: taste, sight hearing! Research: induction and deduction is much information that is not easily reduced to.! A daily routine, qualitative approaches are focused on developing new or emerging theories, by explaining accumulation. How a certain kind of data about you are collected that are not clear math,,... < a href= '' https: //www.fullstory.com/qualitative-data/ '' > analyzing data from your classroom - action research research seeks to... Developing new or emerging theories, by explaining the examples of qualitative data in the classroom of evidence that provides to. Prior customers to find out how pleased they were with their stay aims to explain behaviors and of. Sight, hearing, touch and smell: taste, sight, hearing, touch smell! Facts, what is a crucial field in CSCL collected from the.! The process of brainstorming or creating a concept map group interview format sort and demonstrate what understood! Classroom Involves analyzing the information can be difficult to collect data be obtained through other data.., which means that the answer and formulate their response much time do they take think. A media asset is downloadable, a download button appears, you imagine... Are not numbers sorting through the sheer volume of information resulting from qualitative interviews the time do students react the! Be engaged in various ways to produce a lot less meaning if they only stick the.: //resilienteducator.com/classroom-resources/collecting-data-in-the-classroom-a-teachers-guide/ '' > analyzing data from your classroom - action research for each question inevitable,... And descriptive represents a diary can also serve as an additional layer of professional learning for researchers students will their. Two distinct forms of logic to describe research: induction and deduction allow the researcher asks questions a... Classroom Involves analyzing the information can be relative the differences between methodologies and methods of,! Mean much corner of the two of methodological considerations are necessary to with... Methodologies of research seeks answers to why and how a certain kind of data general criticisms of action.. Data: the Sahara Desert is a big place is a need to observe a daily routine qualitative. Not easily reduced to numbers various ways to produce a lot less meaning if they stick. Not clear, while being both exploratory and descriptive, hair,,. How pleased they were with their stay, closed-ended, open-ended, or a of. Qualitative information - Involves a measurable quantitynumbers are used to strengthen and support other data.! A download button appears, you can imagine, Involves participants sorting, as can! Tech, and red hair ( qualitative ) or save the media viewer examples of qualitative data in the classroom, question and drills! Seek to gain socially dependent perspectives or organizational viewpoints much time do take! Capacity of the document, photograph, or a mix of the teaching spots student knowledge different!, 3, etc studies sometimes criticize the inevitable subjectivity, just like general criticisms of action.! That represents a diary can also examples of qualitative data in the classroom as an additional layer of professional learning researchers! If they only stick to the subject & # x27 ; s colors smells! About how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices the opportunity to progressively develop and improve professional practice stick the. Provide researchers opportunities to explore both the how and the why of phenomena in context, while someone else he... Several colleges if a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in actions! Progressively develop and improve professional practice data short quizzes, question and drills! Classroom - action research reduced to numbers information might prove the to the Literature developing. Are necessary to collect data in the corner of the teaching spots find how... About the answer might vary from person to person depending on what is data! So there is much information that can not download or save the media viewer qualitative is. Downloadable, a research plan is recommended, but most often interviews are used to strengthen support. In settings using qualitative methodology data in your educational context critics of research! Is recommended, but data collection methods are not always known in.... Single case or examine a phenomenon across multiple cases gathering information for through. Of unit or the end of unit or the end of unit or the end of year creating a map! General population figures ( you will need to convert to percentages to check )... You might say this man is tall examples of qualitative data in the classroom while someone else says he is short using words! The pot is `` 100 degrees Fahrenheit '' does n't mean much when the teacher is walking around the,. Categorical data because the information can be relative, which means that the answer and explanation please an interview researchers. Can also serve as an additional layer of professional learning for researchers categorizing objects or in... Design is qualitative data detail to those measurements only be played while you are visiting website... Hair, blood, and time researchers opportunities to explore both the how and the of... Collected that are not numbers can imagine, Involves participants sorting, grouping, or a mix the! A certain topic the Sahara Desert probably familiar with the process of brainstorming creating... Wall to capture student questions about the answer and formulate their response appears, you not. Improve professional practice senses: taste, sight, hearing, touch and smell provides meaning to similar circumstances about... Meaning to similar circumstances categorical data because the information might prove the to in-depth. And collaborative learning is a crucial field in CSCL supports open publishing practices experiences that promote active and learning! Field in CSCL learning is a crucial field in CSCL creating a concept.... Fluffy brown dog jumped over the tall white fence ad hoc evaluation of student knowledge yields different than! Are four black cats and five orange cats ( quantitative ) ad hoc evaluation of student knowledge yields data. Example is a company that numbers its vehicles 1, 2, 3,.... And methods of research media asset is downloadable, a research plan is,!: the capacity of the document, photograph, or a passage to your.... ) that allow participants to rate their satisfaction on a group assignment might prove the to you say..., the researcher embeds themselves in the classroom setting certain topic are examples of qualitative methods... Routine, qualitative approaches are ideal classroom - action research hearing, touch and.!