This information can help adversaries determine which accounts exist to aid in follow-on behavior. Examples of such abuse include modifying GPOs to push a malicious Scheduled Task to computers throughout the domain environment or modifying domain trusts to include an adversary controlled domain where they can control access tokens that will subsequently be accepted by victim domain resources. Basic AuthenticationBasic Authentication is the The audit2allow tool can be used later to produce additional rules that extend the policy to allow all legitimate activities of the application being confined. Adversaries may use scripts automatically executed at boot or logon initialization to establish persistence. ChecksumA value that is computed by a function that is dependent on the contents of a data object and is stored or transmitted together with the object, for the purpose of detecting changes in the data. Receive curated news, vulnerabilities, & security awareness tips, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Medin, T. (2014, November). Network MappingTo compile an electronic inventory of the systems and the services on your network. Note 1: Two networks have the same topology if the connection configuration is the same, although the networks may differ in physical interconnections, distances between nodes, transmission rates, and/or signal types. Token-Based Access ControlToken based access control associates a list of objects and their privileges with each user. Basic telecommunications, telephone and utility connectivity might need turning on to continue some, but not all primary site operations. One important difference is that AppArmor identifies file system objects by path name instead of inode. This system is more flexible than normally required: as a rule, most of the real users share the same SELinux username, and all access control is managed through the third tag, the domain. Threat Matrix for Kubernetes. Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP)A Disaster Recovery Plan is the process of recovery of IT systems in the event of a disruption or disaster. SecureAuth. Activity MonitorsActivity monitors aim to Account Discovery Devices are connected to the cable and compete for access using a CSMA/CD protocol. semodule, As digital circuits can only understand binary, inputs and outputs can assume only one of two states, 0 or 1. ARPANETAdvanced Research Projects Agency Loading and unloading policies does not require a reboot. Retrieved January 22, 2021. Ping ScanA ping scan looks for machines that are responding to ICMP Echo Requests. Microsoft. [6], APT29 obtained Ticket Granting Service (TGS) tickets for Active Directory Service Principle Names to crack offline. IP address resolution. There are other character encoding schemes, but ASCII is the most prevalent. AppArmor can prevent its own policy from being altered, and prevent file systems from being mounted/unmounted, but does nothing to prevent users from stepping outside their approved realms of control. Socket PairA way to uniquely specify a connection, i.e., source IP address, source port, destination IP address, destination port. TamperTo deliberately alter a system's logic, data, or control information to cause the system to perform unauthorized functions or services. Adversaries may abuse a valid Kerberos ticket-granting ticket (TGT) or sniff network traffic to obtain a ticket-granting service (TGS) ticket that may be vulnerable to Brute Force.. Service principal names (SPNs) are used to uniquely identify each instance of a Windows service. Log files that fall into this category include CUPS Print System logs, Rootkit Hunter log, Apache HTTP server logs, Samba SMB server logs, and X11 server log. Discretionary Access Control (DAC)Discretionary Access Control consists of something the user can manage, such as a document password. Microsoft. Virtualization drivers in order to gain kernel mode privileges. User Contingency PlanUser contingency plan is the alternative methods of continuing business operations if IT systems are unavailable. HAL.DLL is a kernel-mode library file and it cannot be used by any user-mode program. Of course, the user must first enter this information into the system. A users session is redirected to a masquerading website. Fragment OffsetThe fragment offset field tells the sender where a particular fragment falls in relation to other fragments in the original larger packet. It is used by applications such as explorer.exe to enumerate shares on remote servers. One of the key features of a packet is that it contains the destination address in addition to the data. workstation. address to a physical machine address that is recognized in the local communication channel to pass data through the channel in a given It is usually a number greater than or equal to 1024. Monitor for modifications of mechanisms that could be used to trigger autostart execution, such as relevant additions to the Registry. preserving the aggregate characteristics of that make the database A rootkit is a collection of computer software, typically malicious, designed to enable access to a computer or an area of its software that is not otherwise allowed (for example, to an unauthorized user) and often masks its existence or the existence of other software. Cost Benefit AnalysisA cost benefit analysis compares the cost of implementing countermeasures with the value of the reduced risk. For example, it may be deemed beneficial for help desk employees to change ownership or permissions on certain files even if they don't own them (for example, on a departmental file share). Secure Shell (SSH)A program to log into another computer over a network, to execute commands in a remote machine, and to move files from one machine to another. Also, the NSA has adopted some of the SELinux concepts in Security-Enhanced Android.[37]. (2020, October). User Datagram Protocol (UDP)A communications protocol that, like TCP, runs on top of IP networks. Dark Halo Leverages SolarWinds Compromise to Breach Organizations. Due CareDue care ensures that a minimal level of protection is in place in accordance with the best practice in the industry. Retrieved November 30, 2020. Compromise Software Dependencies and Development Tools, Windows Management Instrumentation Event Subscription, Executable Installer File Permissions Weakness, Path Interception by PATH Environment Variable, Path Interception by Search Order Hijacking, File and Directory Permissions Modification, Windows File and Directory Permissions Modification, Linux and Mac File and Directory Permissions Modification, Clear Network Connection History and Configurations, Trusted Developer Utilities Proxy Execution, Multi-Factor Authentication Request Generation, Steal or Forge Authentication Certificates, Exfiltration Over Symmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol, Exfiltration Over Asymmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol, Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Non-C2 Protocol. Protocol Stacks (OSI)A set of network protocol layers that work together. The policy is implemented by rules (packet filters) loaded into the router. Also see "fuzzing". Rule Set Based Access Control (RSBAC)Rule Set Based Access Control targets actions based on rules for entities operating on objects. Resource ExhaustionResource exhaustion attacks involve tying up finite resources on a system, making them unavailable to others. Rootkit examples Stuxnet. Data CustodianA Data Custodian is the entity currently using or manipulating the data, and therefore, temporarily taking responsibility for the data. Tiny Fragment AttackWith many IP implementations it is possible to impose an unusually small fragment size on outgoing packets. and provides guidance on how to secure an information system. (2020, October 28). OSIOSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a standard description or "reference model" for how messages should be transmitted between any two points in a telecommunication network. A warm site is the second most expensive option. This means that, for example, a file that is inaccessible may become accessible under AppArmor when a hard link is created to it, while SELinux would deny access through the newly created hard link. Or a computer with a web server that serves the pages for one or more Web sites. HoneymonkeyAutomated system simulating a user browsing websites. providers (ISP). Distributed ScansDistributed Scans are scans that use multiple source addresses to gather information. FuzzingThe use of special regression testing tools to generate out-of-spec input for an application in order to find security vulnerabilities. Logic bombsLogic bombs are programs or snippets of code that execute when a certain predefined event occurs. Retrieved March 23, 2018. ID Name Description; S0482 : Bundlore : Bundlore uses the curl -s -L -o command to exfiltrate archived data to a URL.. S0631 : Chaes : Chaes has exfiltrated its collected data from the infected machine to the C2, sometimes using the MIME protocol.. S0503 : FrameworkPOS : FrameworkPOS can use DNS tunneling for exfiltration of credit card data.. S0203 : Hydraq : Diffie-Hellman does key establishment, not encryption. The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide. Retrieved December 29, 2020. tickets. Such a mask is often displayed elsewhere in the literature as 255.255.255.0. Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)TMTrademark of Network Associates, Inc., referring to a computer program (and related protocols) that uses cryptography to provide data security for electronic mail and other applications on the Internet. ShellA Unix term for the interactive user interface with an operating system. One host to all hosts on network. ScavengingSearching through data residue in a system to gain unauthorized knowledge of sensitive data. Role Based Access ControlRole based access control assigns users to roles based on their organizational functions and determines authorization based on those roles. A kernel can be contrasted with a shell, the outermost part of an operating system that interacts with user commands. NTDLL.DLL is only used by some programs, but it is a dependency of most Win32 libraries used by programs. Future versions of RHEL are planned to have more targets in the targeted policy which will mean more restrictive policies. Public-Key Forward Secrecy (PFS)For a key agreement protocol based on asymmetric cryptography, the property that ensures that a session key derived from a set of long-term public and private keys will not be compromised if one of the private keys is compromised in the future. system, and blocking that activity when possible. Symmetric CryptographyA branch of cryptography involving algorithms that use the same key for two different steps of the algorithm (such as encryption and decryption, or signature creation and signature verification). War DialerA computer program that automatically dials a series of telephone numbers to find lines connected to computer systems, and catalogs those numbers so that a cracker can try to break into the systems. Kernel and shell are terms used more frequently in Unix and some other operating systems than in IBM mainframe systems. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)A PKI (public key infrastructure) enables users of a basically unsecured public network such as the Internet to securely and privately exchange data and money through the use of a public and a private cryptographic key pair that is obtained and shared through a trusted authority. contents of a web page. (2020, October 8). EmpireProject. DHS/CISA. Become your companys cyber security thesaurus. recommendations standard being developed by NIST. OctetA sequence of eight bits. Java, ActiveX (MS). A VPN is generally less expensive to build and operate than a dedicated real network, because the virtual network shares the cost of system resources with other users of the real network. and post-disaster recovery steps that will ensure the availability of Richard Matthew Stallman (/ s t l m n /; born March 16, 1953), also known by his initials, rms, is an American free software movement activist and programmer.He campaigns for software to be distributed in such a manner that its users have the freedom to use, study, distribute, and modify that software. [8], Misdat has created registry keys for persistence, including HKCU\Software\dnimtsoleht\StubPath, HKCU\Software\snimtsOleht\StubPath, HKCU\Software\Backtsaleht\StubPath, HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Active Setup\Installed. In other words, convert the cipher text to plaintext without knowing the key. [9], FIN7 has used Kerberoasting for credential access and to enable lateral movement. Packets are considered to be of interest if they match a signature.Network-based intrusion detection passively monitors network activity for indications of attacks. [7]. By doing this repeatedly, all available processes on the machine can be taken up. SILENTTRINITY Modules. Layer 5: The session layerThis layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogs between the applications at each end. Support for applications querying the policy and enforcing access control (for example, Independence of specific policies and policy languages, Independence of specific security-label formats and contents, Individual labels and controls for kernel objects and services, Separate measures for protecting system integrity (domain-type) and data confidentiality (, Controls over process initialization and inheritance, and program execution, Controls over file systems, directories, files, and open, Controls over sockets, messages, and network interfaces, Cached information on access-decisions via the. [5]Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)Address Usually holds This limits potential harm from a confined daemon that becomes compromised. Monitor for newly constructed files that may configure system settings to automatically execute a program during system boot or logon to maintain persistence or gain higher-level privileges on compromised systems. Monitor access to file resources that contain local accounts and groups information such as /etc/passwd, /Users directories, and the SAM database. As a result, data transmitted by one host is retransmitted to all other hosts on the hub. It establishes the likelihood of a successful attack. Threat VectorThe method a threat uses to get to the target. Practical Extraction and Reporting Language (Perl)A script programming language that is similar in syntax to the C language and that includes a number of popular Unix facilities such as sed, awk, and tr. T1, T3A digital circuit using TDM (Time-Division Multiplexing). Monitor for newly constructed logon behavior across default accounts that have been activated or logged into. The administrator does not want to give the user(s) root access on the box so they give them, There is no notion of multilevel security with AppArmor, thus there is no hard.