not too few interviews, rather than saturation aiding decisions about the adequacy of the sample. Sage, Thousand Oaks (2008), Sparkes, E., Duarte, R.V., Raphael, J.H., Denny, E., Ashford, R.L. In this model, saturation appears confined to the level of analysis; its implication for data collection is at best implicit. The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. Qualitative research relies on data obtained by the researcher from first-hand observation, interviews, questionnaires (on which participants write descriptively), focus groups, participant-observation, recordings made in natural settings, documents, case studies, and artifacts. Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods. Vandecasteele T, Debyser B, Van Hecke A, De Backer T, Beeckman D, Verhaeghe S. Nurses perceptions of transgressive behaviour in care relationships: a qualitative study. Methodological reflections on using pilot data from fracture patients to develop a qualitative study. 2014: p. 2; Middlemiss et al. Morse JM, Barrett M, Mayan M, Olson K, Spiers J. Verification strategies for establishing reliability and validity in qualitative research. Pain Symptom Manag. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. For instance, in investigating staff and patient views on a stroke unit, Tutton et al. When used in a deductive approach to analysis, saturation serves to demonstrate the extent to which the data instantiate previously determined conceptual categories, whereas in more inductive approaches, and grounded theory in particular, it says something about the adequacy of sampling in relation to theory development (although we have seen that there are differing accounts of how specifically this should be achieved). 182 27 HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T. et al. BMC Health Serv. This paper has been informed by discussions with members of the social sciences group of the Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences at Keele University. J. Adv. : Data were saturated. 2013). Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK, Benjamin Saunders,Julius Sim,Tom Kingstone,Shula Baker,Bernadette Bartlam,Heather Burroughs&Clare Jinks, School of Health Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, EH21 6UU, UK, You can also search for this author in British journal of Nursing 16 (11). Whilst arguing for flexibility in terms of the purpose and use of saturation, we also suggest that there must be some limit to this range of purposes. In highlighting and examining these areas of complexity, this paper has extended previous discussions of saturation in the literature. J. Qual. : Parents recall and reflections on experiences related to HPV vaccination for their children. Qualitative research relies on data obtained by the researcher from first-hand observation, interviews, questionnaires (on which participants write descriptively), focus groups, participant-observation, recordings made in natural settings, documents, case studies, and artifacts. (2017) highlight this in a study on patient retention in HIV care, in which they found that saturation of codes was achieved at an earlier point than saturation of the dimensions, nuances, or insights related to codes. Quantitative research is a research approach that represents the understanding of positivism, while qualitative research is an approach that represents a familiar naturalistic research (phenomenology). : Are we there yet? (2016) suggest that saturation says something about (though not conclusively) the ability to extrapolate findings, and Boddy (2016: p. 428) claims that once saturation is reached, the results must be capable of some degree of generalisation; this seems to move us away from the notion of the theoretical adequacy of an analysis, and the explanatory scope of a theory, toward a much more empirical sense of generalizability. Qualitative research emerged in the past century as a useful framework for social science research, but its history has not been the story of steady, sustained progress along one path. and transmitted securely. Accordingly, Zhao and Davey (2015: p. 1178) refer to a form of saturation determined by theoretical completeness and ceased sampling when dimensions and gaps of each category of the grounded theory had been explicated, and Bowen (2008) gives a detailed account of how evidence of saturation emerged at the level of thematic categories and the broader process of theory construction. Qualitative research emerged in the past century as a useful framework for social science research, but its history has not been the story of steady, sustained progress along one path. Mason (2010) makes a similar argument, talking of the point at which there are diminishing returns from further data-collection, and a number of researchers seem to take this more incremental approach to saturation. In examining these issues, we highlight the uncertain logic underlying saturationas essentially a predictive statement about the unobserved based on the observed, a judgement that, we argue, results in equivocation, and may in part explain the confusion surrounding its use. It is commonly taken to indicate that, on the basis of (Charmaz 2005), or of the adequacy of theory development Denzin, N.K., Lincoln, Y.S. CJ is partly funded by NIHR Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West Midlands (CLAHRC, West Midlands); the views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. Strengthening qualitative studies and reports. (2015: p. 154), for example, refer in their interview study of unintended pregnancy to being confident of having achieved or at least closely approached thematic saturation. Nelson (2016), echoing Deys (1999) earlier view, argues that the term saturation is itself problematic, as it intuitively lends itself to thinking in terms of a fixed point and a sense of completeness. (ed.) 507535. First published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, Research Methods in Education Fifth edition, HOW TO DESIGN AND EVALUATE RESEARCH IN EDUCATION by Fraenkell-Wallen, Designing And Evaluating Research In Education, Chapter Types of Research (Loizos Symeou), Libro, AN INTRODUCTION TO SECOND LANGUAGE RESEARCH METHODS, Klnh " yfot-U-CoPvM, Research Methods in Applied Linguistics ', Alan Bryman-Social Research Methods, 4th Edition-Oxford University Press (2012).pdf, Research Methods (Patrick McNeill; Steve Chapman), Doing Research in the Real Worl - David E Gray, [Marguerite G. Lodico, Dean T. 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Power et al. 2015; Jackson et al. 0000030582 00000 n Life Outcomes 12, 54 (2014), Jackson, D., Daly, J., Davidson, P., Elliott, D.: Women recovering from first-time myocardial infarction (MI): a feminist qualitative study. In their original treatise on grounded theory, Glaser and Strauss (1967: p. 61) defined saturation in these terms: The criterion for judging when to stop sampling the different groups pertinent to a category is the categorys theoretical saturation. Experiencing liver transplantation: a phenomenological approach. (Stevenson, 2005). Though not elaborated upon, this appears to imply a very narrow definition of a theme as something that can be somehow observed during the course of a focus group. Qual. Rawezh Ibrahim. 2016). : Qualitative exploration of psychological factors associated with spinal cord stimulation outcome. Tutton E, Seers K, Langstaff D, Westwood M. Staff and patient views of the concept of hope on a stroke unit: a qualitative study. 2006; OReilly and Parker 2013; Malterud et al. Research with quantitative and qualitative approach by some may not be mixed, but knowledge is considered wrong by researchers who noticed that each research 32(2), 327334 (2000), France, N.E.M., Farrell, K., Kearney, B., Myatt, S.: Women living with fibromyalgia: do no harm. In: Hesse-Biber, S., Leavy, P. Field Methods 18(1), 5982 (2006), Hale, E.D., Treharne, G.J., Kitas, G.D.: Qualitative methodologies II: a brief guide to applying interpretative phenomenological analysis in musculoskeletal care. (2010), Hennink et al. J. Adv. Health Psychol. Q ualitative research is defined as an umbrella term covering an array of interpretative techniques which seek to describe, decode, translate and otherwise come to terms with the meaning, not the frequency, of certain more or less naturally occurring phenomena in the social world.1,2. LONDON AND NEW YORK. In a number of studies, saturation is claimed, but further data collection takes place in an apparent attempt to confirm (Jassim and Whitford 2014: p. 191; Forsberg et al. Qual. 2015), Legard et al. Abstract: Autoethnography is an approach to research and writing that seeks to describe and systematically analyze personal experience in order to understand cultural experience.This approach challenges canonical ways of doing research and These students know their data (Morse 2015: p. 588). TK is funded by South Staffordshire and Shropshire NHS Foundation Trust. Sandelowski M. Theoretical saturation. [Google Scholar] Charmaz K. Grounded theory as an emergent method. an overview of the process of research compiled by Denzin and Lincoln (2011, p. 12), as shown in Figure 2.1, helps us to situate philosophy and interpretative frameworks into perspective in the research process. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2005. pp. 182 0 obj <> endobj Hill et al. CJ is partly funded by NIHR Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West Midlands (CLAHRC, West Midlands); the views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. (2012: p. 859), who talk of looking for novel aspects after the achievement of saturation, and Poletti et al. 0000002020 00000 n On this incremental reading of saturation, the analysis does not suddenly become rich or insightful after that one additional interview, but presumably becomes richer or more insightful. This too suggests a form of data saturation. (2013: p. 3) look to gain more in-depth understanding beyond the saturation point. It is less straightforward to identify a role for saturation in qualitative approaches that are based on a biographical or narrative approach to analysis, or that, more generally, include a specific focus on accounts of individual informants (e.g. the inductive thematic saturation and theoretical saturation models outlined above), saturation suggests the extent to which new codes or themes are identified within the data, and/or the extent to which new theoretical insights are gained from the data via this process. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. : Choose your method: a comparison of phenomenology, discourse analysis, and grounded theory. Extending previous literature that has highlighted the variability in the use of saturation (OReilly and Parker 2013; Walker 2012), we have scrutinized the different ways in which it has been operationalized in the research literature, identifying four models of saturation, each of which appears to make different core assumptions about what saturation is, and about what exactly is being saturated. 2015), suggesting that it should be thought of as a discrete event that can be recognized as such by the analyst. (2006: p. 60) refer to it as having become the gold standard by which purposive sample sizes are determined in health science research. A number of authors refer to saturation as a rule (Denny 2009; Sparkes et al. Grounded theory is a systematic methodology that has been largely applied to qualitative research conducted by social scientists.The methodology involves the construction of hypotheses and theories through the collecting and analysis of data. Otmar et al. Researchers such as Denzin and Lincoln, who have written a series of influential handbooks on qualitative methods (1994; Denzin and Lincoln 2003; 2005), citing Nelson et al. 2002). Sparkes E, Duarte RV, Raphael JH, Denny E, Ashford RL. This model can be termed a priori thematic saturation, as it points to the idea of pre-determined theoretical categories and leads us away from the inductive logic characteristic of grounded theory. Saturation means that no additional data are being found whereby the sociologist can develop properties of the category. Coughlan M., Cronin P. and Ryan F. (2007). Qual. According to Starks and Trinidad (2007: p. 1375), however, theoretical saturation occurs when the complete range of constructs that make up the theory is fully represented by the data. When and how?at what stage in the research is saturation sought, and how can we assess if it has been achieved? More than 9 in 10 (96.6%) of men diagnosed with prostate cancer in England survive their disease for one year or more (2013-2017). Quite frequently, studies that adopt the criterion of saturation propose at the same time a prior sample size (e.g. We will argue not only for greater transparency in the reporting of saturation, as others have done (Bowen 2008; Francis et al. Hale et al. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994:15985. 0000001804 00000 n In: Hesse-Biber S, Leavy P, editors. Case study method enables a researcher to closely examine the data within a specific context. Francis et al. Additionally, the underlying reasoning makes specific assumptions about the way in which the analysis will generate theory, and the earlier in the process of theory development that this occurs the less warranted such assumptions may be. Sage, London (2015), Bloor, M., Wood, F.: Keywords in Qualitative Methods: A Vocabulary of Research Concepts. Eur. Drawing on recent examples of its use, saturation has been discussed in relation to three key sets of questions: What? Rep. 20(9), 14081416 (2015), Ganle, J.K.: Hegemonic masculinity, HIV/AIDS risk perception and sexual behavior change among young people in Ghana. Research Methods in Education, Sixth edition, Routledge. Kazley AS, Johnson E, Simpson K, Chavin K, Baliga P. African American patient knowledge of kidney disease: a qualitative study of those with advanced chronic kidney disease. Grounded theory is a systematic methodology that has been largely applied to qualitative research conducted by social scientists.The methodology involves the construction of hypotheses and theories through the collecting and analysis of data. A key issue underlying the identification of saturation is the extent to which it is viewed as an event or a process. Judgments at this stage will also relate to a framework of themes and categories that is theoretically immature, and that may be subject to considerable modification; for example, the changes that may occur during the successive stages of open, selective and theoretical coding in grounded theory (Glaser 1978). This tentative and equivocal commitment to saturation may reflect a practical response to the demands of funding bodies and ethics committees for a clear statement of sample size prior to starting a study (OReilly and Parker 2013)perceived obligations that, in practice, may be given priority over methodological considerations.
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