Researchers seek to understand their own people in their own cultural terms rather than through the concepts and methods of a Western psychology. Cross-cultural psychology is a branch of psychology that looks at how cultural factors influence human behavior. transcends cultural boundaries or differs from culture to culture. International Classification of Diseases and Related Healt Intimate Partner Violence, Psychological Perspectives on, Mechanisms and Processes of Peer Contagion, Media Violence, Psychological Perspectives on, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Nonergodicity in Psychology and Neuroscience, Nonparametric Statistical Analysis in Psychology. What type of cross-cultural research did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) carry out? Cross-cultural research can help researchers avoid cultural bias in psychology. 12 Ways Noticing Your Feelings Can Improve Your Life, 4 Questions to Ask for Better Conversations, 10 Unspoken Rules of Dysfunctional Families. Int J Wellbeing. There are many different cultures scattered across the world. Cultural psychology involves comparison as well, but has been described as more focused on psychological processes within a particular culture. What are the three main types of cross-cultural research? It entails both the variance and invariance of these attributes across different cultural settings. In cross-cultural psychology, an analytic cognitive style roughly describes a tendency to focus on a salient object, person, or piece of information (as in an image or a story) independently from the context in which it appears. Cross-Cultural Research Almost by definition, cultural anthropology is cross-cultural research. Then, we will cover the cross-cultural research methodologies psychologists use to conduct research. CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSISCross-cultural research has a long history in sociology (Armer and Grimshaw 1973; Kohn 1989; Miller-Loessi 1995). This approach is portrayed in the Oxford Bibliographies article Intercultural Psychology. David Ropeik on October 3, 2022 in How Risky Is It, Really? When similar results are found across cultures, the psychological variable measured can be considered generalisable, meaning the psychological variable or research design factors in cross-cultural differences. Cross-cultural research that uses a representative sample can be considered generalisable. This should be considered when researching topics, such as the effectiveness of an intervention. Cross-Cultural Research - Anthropology - iResearchNet While the problems with global underrepresentation in psychology research have gained more attention in recent years, an updated analysis of top journals in the mid-2010s found that the vast majority of samples were still from Western, industrialized countries, with about 60 percent from the U.S. 97. a department of psychology which examines likeness and difference in human actions spanning various cultures and recognizes the varying psychological structures and explanatory designs employed by said cultures. ERIC - ED240437 - Cross-Cultural Psychology., 1983-Aug It can be helpful to remember what cultural bias is. The psychological findings that get the most attention are disproportionately derived from a fraction of the worlds population. Eastern society is also known as a collectivist society. In some minority populations in Papua New Guinea, Turkey and the Dominican Republic, it has been found that some children identified as female at birth. Cross-Cultural Research Methods in Psychology provides state-of-the-art knowledge about the methodological problems that need to be addressed if a researcher is to conduct valid and reliable cross-cultural research. 2010;466(7302):29-29. doi:10.1038/466029a, Thalmayer AG, Toscanelli C, Arnett JJ. In another approach, indigenous psychology, research methods, concepts, and theories are developed within the context of the culture being studied. Frustrated Women and Hopeful Men: Is There a Connection? Cross-cultural psychologists often study development, personality, and social relationships. The problems with cross-cultural research include that cross-cultural research is sensitive. What is an example of cross-cultural research? But psychologists also compare groups at smaller scales, such as people from culturally distinct subpopulations or areas of the same country, or immigrants and non-immigrants. Cross-cultural psychology is the scientific study of human behaviour and mental processes under different cultural conditions, including their variability and invariance. What cultural differences might influence how people perceive each other? Cross-cultural research demonstrates that experimental effects, correlations, or other results that are observed in one cultural contextfor example, the tendency of Western participants to. Cultural psychology focuses on a given behavioral factor within a socio-cultural sphere in which the behavior under investigation occurs. Therefore, the cross-cultural research will not provide generalisable results. Despite recognizing that research has a strong Western bias, evidence suggests that this bias persists today. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Cross-Cultural Psychology Smith and Bond (1988) highlighted issues using similar methodologies across cultures. Perspect Psychol Sci. Cross-cultural Psychology | School of Psychology | Victoria University Identify if the research will collect their own data (primary data) or use previously published results (secondary data). Subjects seemed to largely be sourced from the countries in which the researchers lived. Childhood and Adolescence, Peer Victimization and Bullying Daily Life, Research Methods for Studying. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. "Cross-cultural psychology is concerned with the systematic study of behavior and experience as it occurs in different cultures, is influenced by culture, or results in changes in existing cultures" (Triandis. in research is therefore a goal of many psychologists. As a result, cross-cultural psychologists suggest that many observations about human thought and behavior may only be generalizable to specific subgroups. could lead to gains in mental health treatment. Large felines had a lot to do with that. Could their findings and assumptions about human psychology be biased based on the sample from which their observations were drawn? Cross-cultural psychology is abranch of psychologythat looks at how cultural factors influence human behavior. Accordingly, we review some of the most relevant methodological issues involved in cross-cultural/national research . The results are more likely to reflect the American population than the Chinese population. Cross-cultural psychology touches on a wide range of topics, so students interested in other psychology topics may choose to also focus on this area of psychology. The pleasing book, fiction, history, novel, scientific research, as competently as various additional sorts of books are readily friendly here. Some scientists call this relatively well-examined subgroup of human societies WEIRD: that is, Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic. Step 2: Choosing the appropriate cross-cultural design that will be used. Cross-cultural research demonstrates that experimental effects, correlations, or other results that are observed in one cultural contextfor example, the tendency of Western participants to. Culture varies by geography and philosophical traditions. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. A lot of the older studies tended to focus on white adult men from western culture. How can cross-cultural research help us understand mental health? It also offers practical advice and examples of solutions to those problems and is a must-read for any student of culture. A meta-analysis is a research method that analyses the results from several published studies to conclude whether the data supports or negates the proposed hypothesis. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Cross-cultural research is important because it helps reduce the bias in the current psychology research. This indicates that value research is a core aspect of cross-cultural psychology and sets the background for the motivation behind this special issue. Cross-cultural psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes, including both their variability and invariance, under diverse cultural conditions. While there is not a single agreed-upon list of WEIRD culturesand populations within particular countries can show different levels of these characteristicscommonly cited examples of WEIRD countries include the U.S., Canada, the U.K. and other parts of Western Europe, and Australia. Does cross-cultural research only use primary data? This type of research is a natural and inevitable extension for researchers whose earlier focus was on intracultural studies. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Jenny Perkel on September 16, 2022 in 21st-Century Childhood. The goal of cross-cultural psychologists is to look at both universal behaviors and unique behaviors to identify the ways in which culture influences behavior, family life, education, social experiences, and other areas. Cross-cultural research overview | Human Relations Area Files culture can influence how one thinks about happiness. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. What are the examples of cross-cultural psychology? And if the researcher is investigating indigenous populations, then an indigenous cultural study would be done. For example, while the experience of shame follows perceived wrongdoing across cultures, having shame may be evaluated more positively in some cultures than in others and may be more likely to prompt behavioral responses such as reaching out to others rather than withdrawing. Cross-cultural psychology can help teachers, educators, and curriculum designers who create multicultural education lessons and materials learn more about how cultural differences affect student learning, achievement,and motivation. The psychological findings that get the most, Increasing the representation of people from diverse cultures. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Cross-Cultural Research Methods in Psychology provides state-of-the-art knowledge about the methodological problems that need to be addressed if a researcher is to conduct valid and reliable cross-cultural research. On the other hand, cross-cultural psychology evaluates elements of psychological diversity in different cultures. These three perspectives, although originally fairly distinct, are now converging into one coherent discipline (termed cross-cultural psychology) that seeks to portray and interpret similarities and differences in human behavior across cultures and to discover general principles that may contribute to the emergence of a global psychology. It also discusses the impact it has had on the understanding of human psychology. This article discusses the history of cross-cultural psychology, different types of cross-cultural psychology, and applications of this field. Write a short paper answering the above questions. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Cross-Cultural Psychology - Psychology - Oxford Bibliographies - obo Culture may also affect how people believe happiness should be defined and achievedwhether a good life is to be found more in individual self-enhancement or through ones role as part of a collective, for example. Cross-cultural psychology is an important topic. Therefore, when assessing mental health, there may be differences. An issue with a lot of early research is its generalisability. It seeks to extend and develop psychology by expanding research methodologies to recognise cultural variation in behaviour, language, and meaning. You should also verify that the research article states its research question, research methods, research participants, research procedures, and intervention processes. The multicultural psychology definition is explained as the study of how. In the West, the Big Five model of personality traits and related modelswere developed to broadly map out personality differences, and they have been tested successfully in multiple countries. After prioritizing European and North American research for many years, Western researchers began to question whether many of the observations and ideas once believed to be universal might apply to cultures outside of these areas. Cross-cultural psychology can help teachers, educators, and curriculum designers who create multicultural education lessons and materials learn more about how cultural differences affect student learning, achievement,and motivation. Cultural Differences in Psychology - Psychologist World Types of Comparative Studies in Cross-Cultural Psychology In some minority populations in Papua New Guinea, Turkey and the Dominican Republic, it has been found that some children identified as female at birth but at the age of 12 (after puberty) started to develop male genitalia. . The neglected 95% revisited: Is American psychology becoming less American? While some mating preferences, such as a desire for kindness and physical attractiveness in a partner, appear in many if not all cultures, preferences also differ in some ways across cultureslike the importance placed on humor or other traits. Second, cultural psychology has strong links to cultural anthropology (particularly in the field of culture and personality) and has focused mainly on social behavior and cognition. Although it is true that the basic principles of . Cross-Cultural Psychology: Definition and Elements What are the problems with cross-cultural research? Since the 1960s, a number of textbooks, handbooks, and readers have been published that seek to provide an overall portrayal of culture-behavior relationships using the comparative method. Difficult to establish the reliability and validity of the previous studies. Cross-cultural psychology plays an important role in the understanding of behavior throughout the cultures of the world. 2011;66(7):593-603. doi:10.1037/a0022389, Keith KD. Cross-cultural psychology is the study: of similarities and differences in individual psychological functioning in various cultural and ethnocultural groups; of the relationships between psychological variables and socio-cultural, ecological and biological variables; and of ongoing changes in these variables. Cross-cultural research is a booming field for academics and practitioners alike. In 2010, citing this finding and others, Joseph Henrich, Steven Heine, and Ara Norenzayan introduced the term WEIRD to describe this subpopulation. Thus, behaviors and psychological differences define the two fields of the study. If similar results are found across cultures, then it can be assumed that the measures are: Indigenous cultural studies are the study of minority ethnic groups who live in their native location. Cross Cultural Psychology Essay Example | GraduateWay Am Psychol. Cross-cultural psychologists have pointed to East Asia, Latin America, and Africa as regions where collectivism is relatively prominent and much of Europe, the U.S., and Canada as among those where individualism is more pronounced. Content is fact checked after it has been edited and before publication. You may find it useful to use the following tips when searching for a research article to use in this assignment: Research by Mandy, Charman, Puura and Skuse (2014) applied the DSM-5 (the manual used for mental illness diagnosis in the UK) to see if it considers the difference between British and Finnish people. Suppose a study is investigating differences in educational achievement in the UK. Psychological method validation of cross-cultural research, Identify the research area that will be investigated and form a hypothesis, Choose the appropriate cross-cultural design that will be used, Identify if the research will collect their own data (primary data) or use previously published results (secondary data), The last step is to complete the analysis and report the results, it allowed the researchers to identify how differences in how children are raised can affect the type of attachment style that is developed, It can help reduce existing bias, especially in the current research, It can be used to identify to what extent culture influences behaviour and mental illnesses, the research is sensitive; this means that researchers need to ensure that the sample is representative, cross-cultural research that uses primary data can be time-consuming and expensive to carry out, cross-cultural research that relies on secondary data may include studies that have low reliability or validity, it can be challenging to carry out cross-cultural research such as due to language barriers. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. A lot of the attention of cross-cultural psychologists has been devoted to discovering if the Big Five personality dimensions hold up over a wide variety of cultures. Joe Navarro M.A. 2016;11(5):583-596. doi:10.1177/1745691616645552, Cheung FM, van de Vijver FJ, Leong FT. Toward a new approach to the study of personality in culture. Why should we all be cultural psychologists? Cross cultural psychology is therefore 'the scientific study of human behavior and mental behavior and process, including both variability and invariance, under diverse cultural conditions,' (Ho, & Wu, 2001). About us. What Do We Mean for Cross-Cultural Research in Psychology Why may indigenous cultural studies be carried out? 2012;2(4):299-312. doi:10.5502/ijw.v2.i4.2, Lonner WJ. What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology? - Columbia University Cross-Cultural Studies | SpringerLink The study found that there may be cross-cultural variability between the two countries regarding milder autistic characteristics. Why should research take into consideration the differences between collectivist and individualistic cultures? Question: What Is Cross Cultural Research In Psychology Many of the findings described by psychologists are focused on a specific group of people, which some researchers have dubbed Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic, often referred to by the acronym WEIRD. the scientific study of behavior and mental processes Define behavior in psychology language, religion, food & leisure preferences, verbal & non-verbal behavior Define mental processes in psychology This chapter discusses issues related to the cross-cultural study of intelligence and cognitive processes. For example, while people of all cultures experiencehappiness, how this feeling is expressed varies from one culture to the next.1, The goal of cross-cultural psychologists is to look at both universal behaviors and unique behaviors to identify the ways in which culture influences behavior, family life, education, social experiences, and other areas.2. The Oxford Bibliographies article Cultural Psychology presents this perspective as an independent enterprise, but it has some overlap with the portrayal presented in this article. However, most do not take into account the powerful impact that culture may have on individual human actions. What are the disadvantages of cross-cultural research in psychology - Eckensberger, 1972 *cause and effect relationships between culture and behavior . Psychological method validation cross-cultural research. The journal Cross-Cultural Research primarily focuses on research in the area of psychological anthropology. To develop a broader, richer understanding of people that can be applied to a wider variety of cultural settings, it is essential for researchers to also look at people from diverse cultures. It also discusses the impact it has had on the understanding of human psychology. Many of the findings described by psychologists are focused on a specific group of people, which some researchers have dubbed Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic, often referred to by the acronym WEIRD. Although originally focused on single cultures, it is increasingly comparative (etic) in nature. Ethnocentrism refers to a tendency to use your own culture as the standard by which to judge and evaluate other cultures. Cross-cultural psychology is the study of similarities and differences in behavior among individuals who have developed in different cultures. However, most do not take into account the powerful impact that culture may have on individual human actions. If this is not the case, then the systems being used may need to be revised. Institutional Aggression in The Context of Prisons, Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression, Social Psychological Explanation of Aggression, The Hydraulic Model of Instinctive Behaviour, The Self Congruence and Conditions of Worth, Classic and Contemporary Research into Memory, Classic and Contemporary Research into Obedience, Contemporary Research - Language of Psychopaths, Developmental Psychology in Obedience/Prejudice, Individual Differences in Ideological Attitudes and Prejudice, Issues and Debates in the Context of Obedience/Prejudice, Reconstruction From Memory in Naturalistic Environments, Circadian, Infradian and Ultradian Rhythms, Electroencephalogram (EEGs) and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs), Fight-or-Flight Response and The Role of Adrenaline, Plasticity and Functional Recovery of the Brain After Trauma, The Function of the Endocrine System - Glands and hormones, Psychological Perspectives and Etiology of Disorders, Psychological Perspectives in the Treatment of Disorders, The Rosenhan Study - The Influence of Labels, Bruner and Minturn Study of Perceptual Set, Gregory's Constructivist Theory of Perception, Issues and Debates in Developmental Psychology, The Gilchrist and Nesberg study of motivation, Baillargeon Explanation of Early Infant Abilities, Vygotskys theory of cognitive development, Analysis and Interpretation of Correlation, Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development, Anger Management and Restorative Justice Programmes, Genetic Explanations of Offending Behaviour, Level of Moral Reasoning and Cognitive Distortions, Psychodynamic Theories and The Moral Component, Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development, The Role of Chromosomes And Hormones In Gender, Duck's Phase Model of Relationship Breakdown, Ethical Issues and Ways of Dealing with Them, Peer Review and Economic Applications of Research, Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Psychological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Psychological Therapies for Schizophrenia, Reliability and Validity in Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Treatment and Therapies for Schizophrenia, Structuralism and Functionalism in Psychology, Ethical Issues in Social Influence Research, Penfield's Study of The Interpretive Cortex. A child growing up in poverty will often bear children earlier in life and may engage in more risk-taking behavioursperhaps even leading to an earlier death. What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology? - Verywell Mind It allows researchers to determine if tools used to measure things such as mental illnesses or systems created for diagnosing mental illnesses are acceptable to use in other countries. the Big Five traits are not necessarily the best way to describe. Most research in cross-cultural psychology has focused on the individual and nation . Through cross-cultural research, researchers can identify how much culture influences behaviour and mental illnesses. Cross-Cultural Psychologist Career - Psychology School Guide Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. The problems with cross-cultural research are: What is an issue if a cross-cultural study uses data from 20 American and 3 Chinese studies? 3 - Translating and Adapting Tests for Cross-Cultural Assessments Analytic thinking and holistic thinking have been theorized to stem, respectively, from independent and interdependent cultural tendencies. cross-cultural research the systematic study of human psychological processes and behavior across multiple cultures, involving the observation of similarities and differences in values, practices, and so forth between different societies. What is cross-cultural research psychology? It accepts the possibility that psychological universals are present in all populations, while cultural factors shape the differential development and expressions of behavior based on these common underlying processes. Through cross-cultural research, researchers can identify how much culture influences behaviour and mental illnesses. societies have different goals, attitudes, and beliefs about appropriate behaviour, which needs to be reflected in psychology research! This explanation will cover what cross-cultural research is and how it relates to society. on September 28, 2022 in Psychiatry Without Boundaries. Craig L. Katz M.D. . Typical behaviours of people in this society are that they voice their opinion, are independent and tend to do things their way. In essence, this research is searching for _________. There are three main types of cross-cultural research, these are: This type of cross-cultural research is typically used when researchers want to identify if psychological measures/ tests are applicable and generalisable to the population. Cross-cultural psychology touches on a wide range of topics, so students interested in other psychology topics may choose to also focus on this area of psychology. What cultural differences might influencehow people perceive each other? It is characterised by a focus on the superiority of the collective community and emphasises social support. The indigenous cultural study highlights the importance of cross-cultural research as it shows how differences between nature and nurture factors between cultures could lead to this type of intersexuality. The demonstration of equivalence (i.e., absence of bias) is a prerequisite for any cross-cultural comparison. Still, at the age of 12 (after the onset of puberty), they started to develop male genitalia. Cultural bias applies research, findings, or theories from one culture to another. Eye on Psi Chi. Bias and equivalence provide a framework for methodological aspects of cross-cultural studies. It also offers practical advice and examples of solutions to those problems and is a must-read for any student of culture. Relatively rule-bound cultures have been described as tight cultures, while more permissive cultures are called loose. As with individualism and collectivism, tightness and looseness are thought of as opposite ends of the same dimension. The results of the cross-cultural research showed that: Based on the findings, the researchers could identify that differences in how children are raised can affect the type of attachment style that is developed. Our more archaic past can still be seen in some of our universal behaviors. Secure attachments were the most common attachment styles in every country. Although the methodological issues specific to this research have long been acknowledged in the literature, recent studies confirm that the standards demanded by earlier studies have not been met. Although the task appears formidable, using multiple methods, extensive piloting, and feedback from collaborators can greatly increase confidence in the findings. in an effort to better understand the human race. Cross-Cultural Psychology | Psychology Today Meanwhile, some cross-cultural psychologists also study something known as ethnocentrism. culture seems to influence how people describe, evaluate, and act on emotions. Cross-cultural psychology explores many subjects, focusing on how culture affects different aspects of development, thought, and behavior. Psychological research that incorporates a more global sample of people provides insights into whether findings and models (such as those about the structure of personality or the nature of mental illness) are universal or not, the extent to which psychological phenomena and characteristics vary across cultures, and the potential reasons for these differences.